Elizabeth I

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Elizabeth I (1533 -1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn. Also known as Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. In 1558 upon the death of her half-sister Mary, Elizabeth acceded to the throne and initiated a reign by wise counsel. Throughout her rule, Elizabeth relied on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, the 1st Baron Burghley. She was a more moderate ruler than her predecessors had been, in accordance with her motto "video et taceo" ("I see but say nothing"). One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, but in the religious sphere, she was relatively tolerant and never engaged in systematic persecution. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 credited Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history. Her reign is associated with a great flowering of English literature and theatre.